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SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS CONVERSATION 2


Nama : Nilasari Cahyaningtias
Kelas : 1EA18
Npm : 15212326

CONVERSATIONS 
Susan Bernes is a clerk-typist at reliant insurance. She is an excellent worker. This morning she went to see Mr. Harris the office manager and handed him a letter saying that she giving up her job. Mr. Harris did not want susan to leave so she tried to persuade her to change.
Susan                    : Morning Mr. Harris. How are you ?
Mr. Harris            : Morning too susan. Fine thnks, and you susan?
Susan                    : Fine. What time did you arrived here?
Mr. Harris            : Just got, you ?
Susan                    : Half an hour ago sir, by the way Have a nice day Mr. Harris
Mr. Harris            : Thanks susan, you too
Susan                    : Mr. Harris , are you busy this morning?
Mr. Harris            : No, why ?
Susan                    : I want to talk about this work to you
Mr. Harris            : Ok susan, What is it? What do you want to talk about?
Susan                    : Mr. Harris, I’m so sorry. I want  to resign from work and this office
Mr. Harris            : What happened susan? Any problem with you?
Susan                    : No sir, but I’m too tired with office hours assigned to me
Me. Harris           : Susan, you are an excellent worker. You are my trust workers. I hope you don’t leave the job and this company.
Susan                    : Sorry sir, I think my decision is correct and I’m exhausted cause of the burden of my life office hours
Mr. Harris            : Only this problem that brought you resign from the company?
Susan                    : Yes Mr. Harris
Mr. Harris            : I can reduce if you still want to work here
Susan                    : Really? What it does make other employees envious?
Mr. Harris            : No, I will explain to the other employees if they feel envy
Susan                    : Thank you Mr. Harris.
Mr. Harris            : Your welcome susan, and now you still want to join us?
Susan                    : Of course, I loved this company and my work
Mr. Harris            : Yeah, me too
Susan                    : Have you breakfast Mr. Harris?
Mr. Harris            : Already susan, how about you?
Susan                    : Not yet , may I leave out for breakfast?
Mr. Harris            : Of course, where will you have breakfast?
Susan                    : the store, wanna join with me?
Mr. Harris            : No thanks, I’ll have a meeting.
Susan                    : I know it, I’m already scheduling your meetings today sir.
Mr. Harris            : Excellent, after breakfast you will join my meeting
Susan                    : I’m ready sir
Mr. Harris            : See you Susan
Susan                    : see you Sir
Mr. Harris            : Don’t forget to follow meetings and important documents brought
Susan                    : Has been prepared
Mr. Harris            : Excellent! 

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SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS HIGH COST


Nama : Nilasari Cahyaningtias
Kelas : 1EA18
Npm   : 15212326

High Cost Economy in Indonesia

Implementation of the ASEAN - China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) can be regarded as an opportunity for the domestic industry to expand into China and Southeast Asia markets. However, this opinion is still doubtful due to the fact that the competitiveness of domestic industries Indonesia is relatively lower when compared with China and ASEAN member countries another. Based on the analysis of the Ministry of Industry, the competitiveness of industrial products and manufacturing Indonesia to ASEAN countries only 15% who have a strong competitive edge and nearly 60% of the products have weak competitiveness. Another case against China, the competitiveness of Indonesian products that are strong only 7%, remaining competitive are 29% and 55% weaker.

So, what exactly is the cause of the low competitiveness of Indonesia when compared to China. Mari Elka Pangestu, Minister of Trade, Republic of Indonesia, in an interview has said that competitiveness or competitiveness is determined by many factors, including external and internal factors. own external factors closely related to competitiveness and comparative advantages of other countries that became Indonesian competitors. For example, X products made in China that have very cheap prices and huge production scale is difficult to rivaled by Indonesia, making Indonesia the low competitiveness of the product X when compared with China. In addition to external factors, there are also internal factors that determine the competitiveness of the product, especially with regard to domestic factors, including human resources / employment, investment, production costs, and technology. Internal factors that do need improvement and repair via a comprehensive government policy.
Low competitiveness of Indonesian products in international trade, which are influenced by internal factors of the domestic economy can be attributed to the high cost or high cost economy that still exist in the national economy. There are several aspects that lead to high cost economy in Indonesia, among other labor problems, problems of credit interest rate / high borrowing costs, bureaucracy / politics is not the least costly, and infrastructure issues. Five aspects will be discussed further to analyze the causes of high cost economy in Indonesia, which impact on the weak competitiveness of domestic products compared with products made in China.


Problems of labor / labor is one of the causes of high cost economy in Indonesia. This also led to the competitiveness of Indonesian children's products made it difficult to compete with similar products made in China. Widjanarko Tjokroadosumarto, Toys Indonesian Employers Association chairman (APMI) revealed differences in the treatment of the workers there, which led to the high cost economy. Workers in China earn better facilities than workers in Indonesia. Despite only receiving a salary of $ 100, laborers in China generally do not need to rent a house because the local government worker who rented bungalow is available at a cheap price. Another case with workers in Indonesia are 30% of the salary used for the cost of the contract.
Although labor costs in Indonesia are relatively lower than other ASEAN countries (except Vietnam), the cost to lay off workers in Indonesia is very high especially during the dismissal of employees in large numbers. When the issue of the mass layoffs of workers in Indonesia usually do massive demonstrations to demand the severance provision. It is then also contribute to the cause of high cost economy.


In addition, the regional minimum wage in urban areas are higher to make the company a lot of building factories and hiring workers in rural areas are lower minimum wage. This would then have implications for the rising cost of transportation and supporting infrastructure expenditure (both of these aspects will be discussed in the next section).
Bureaucratic problems

Bureaucracy and political factors believed to be one of the main causes of high cost economy in Indonesia. Bureaucratic costs, both official and unofficial in some areas can reach 20% of the cost of production. The high cost of the bureaucracy will ultimately lead to the price of output produced Indonesia became more expensive when compared with products made in China. Furthermore, the cost of high cost economy due to the bureaucratic costs will also make the cost of Indonesia's exports are higher than its competitors, including China.

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Banking Sector


The Banking Sector in Indonesia

            In Indonesia, there are two types of banks i.e. Central Bank and Commercial Bank. Indonesia's Central Bank is Bank Indonesia, which is an institution / agency responsible for maintaining economic stability / monetary policy in a country. Central Bank to keep inflation under control and always be at the fixed lowest value or the optimum position for the economy (low / zero inflation), by controlling the balance of the amount of money and goods. Commercial Bank is a financial institution offering a variety of services for money products and services to the public with such a function to raise funds directly from the public in a variety of forms, giving credit to the people who need loans, buying and selling foreign currency / exchange, sell insurance, current accounts, services checks, valuables receiving care, and etc. Commercial banks are for profit / commercial.
             According to Law No. 10 of 1998 dated 10 November 1998 about the banks, it can be concluded that the banking business comprises three activities: collecting funds, distributing funds and providing other banking services. Beginning in the 1980s the number of private banks was growing rapidly, so bring Indonesia's growing economy. The banking sector has a big in mobilizing public funds for various purposes. Previously, the banking sector was just a facilitator of government activities and some large companies, and has now turned into a very influential sector of the economy.
Achievement Indonesia's banking sector is due to monetary policy being closely watched by governments and central banks, overall coordination, as well as reform and business strategy. Under the supervision of BI, the banking sector refining management and monitoring system, as well as continue to improve standardization and operational. In addition, the banking sector also focused professionalism of management and prioritizing increased efficiency. Another factor, the banking industry has always revolved around the development of the national economy, so the support to national development also brings considerable profits. For example, banks support the development of infrastructure such as electricity, traffic, irrigation and telecommunication, and give credit
            Another key factor is the pro-UKM loans. The banking sector followed a strategy of channeling capital to UKM, thus creating more jobs and helping the government reduceunemployment and poverty. BI argues, the banking system is now more perfect and more able to deal with the risk. The threat of inflation has also been dealt with effectively.
            The conditions of banking sector in Indonesia is improving despite the global financial crisis pressures increasingly. This is evident from the reduction in liquidity crunch and the growth of total bank credit. Indonesia's economy is still experiencing ups and downs, the government deregulation and de-bureaucratization run gradually in the financial sector and the economy. One purpose of the policy of deregulation and de-bureaucratization is an attempt to build a healthy banking system, and efficient. The impact of over-regulated the banking system is stagnant conditions and the loss of banking initiatives. It is encouraging BI to modernize the banking deregulation of banking in accordance with the demands of the customers, business, and economic life cyle.

Referensi         : http://dedi78.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-banking-sector-in-indonesia_5002.html

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TUGAS 2 SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS "BANKING SECTOR"


Nama            : Nilasari Cahyaningtias
NPM             : 15212326
Kelas             : 1EA18
THE BANKING SECTOR IN INDONESIA
“BANK PANIN”
           Established in 1971, Panin Bank was listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange in 1982, the first Indonesian bank to Go Public. Since its inception the management strives to deliver value to all stakeholders by striking a balance between prudence and progressive growth. A strong capital base and prudent risk management has allowed us to navigate economic volatility and periods of uncertainty. Panin Bank was one of the very few Indonesian banks not recapitalized by the Government after the Monetary Crisis of 1998.

         To maintain our competitive position, we adopt a progressive approach to business. Staying close to a growing customer base and chosen market niches helps us understand their ever-changing needs so that timely solutions can be provided to serve them better. Panin Bank’s motto “Always for you” emphasizes reliability and consistency. Panin Bank’s strong capital structure and growth strategy continued to be reinforced as the Bank focuses toward expanding its commercial and consumer markets

          The business strategy is clearly showing positive results as the Bank gains momentum towards its goal of being a driving force in the Indonesian banking industry. As of the end of December 2011, PaninBank’s assets amounting to Rp125 trillion, total deposits Rp85.7 trillion, credit outstanding Rp75.7 trillion and total networth Rp19.8 trillion, with market capitalization of Rp18.8 trillion.

PaninBank operates through its 450 branches and ranked as the seventh-largest national bank in term of total assets. The current shareholders of the Bank are the founding shareholder, Panin Financial with 46%, Votraint (ANZ Banking Group of Australia) at 39% and the public with 15%.

The Panin Group has been involved in banking for a long time and been one of the significant players in this fields. One of its banks, the Panin Bank, which is also one of the main contributors to the Panin Group, was shaken by the crisis. However this bank's management has been able to overcome problems and avoid coming under the supervision of  IBRA. In fact recently Panin Bank was chosen by the Government as one of the banks to stimulate economic activity which has virtually ground to a halt. The Government has adopted the strategy of making Panin Bank one of the banks extending credit to domestic exporters and distributors. Funding for this credit is backed up by the Government.

          Then at the beginning of March Bank Panin became one of the 16 banks appointed by US' EXIMBANK  to coordinate export financing to national businessmen importing basic materials and Capital goods from the United states.

          Meanwhile, another of the Panin Group's core businesses in the textile industry still has good prospects in the midst of the crisis as it is export-oriented. If there have been problems, they have been related to the textiles directed to the local market, the sales volume of which has dropped after the crisis. Meanwhile the sales value of textiles for the export market has risen with the increase in the value of the US dollar in relation to the Rupiah. The economic crisis has had an adverse effect on the Panin Group's performance because one of its business pillars is the finance sector, particularly banking. Although the Panin Group's banking business did not collapse, the banking sector continues to be under pressure as long as the crisis continues and interest rates are high, because the wheels of the economy are not turning as they should.       

Reference        :

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TUGAS 1 SOFTSKILL BAHASA INGGRIS


Nama    : Nilasari Cahyaningtias
NPM     :15212326
Kelas     :1EA18  

CONVERSATIONS !

Two bussines people meet by chance in a hotel. One of them is from Indonesia, the other from another country. They get into conversation and begin to compare working conditions in their countries.

David : good afternoon sir, may I know your name?

Ridwan : Good afternoon too. Yes of course. My name is Ridwan, and you ? where do you from?

David : Hi ridwan, my name is David. Come from France, and you ridwan?

Ridwan : I’m from Indonesia. How are you ?

David : I’m Fine thanks, and you?

Ridwan : me too, how are you doing david?

David : Just waiting to be picked up to the airport, and you ridwan?

Ridwan : I want to meet my client , with whom you are in Indonesia ?

David : I came to Indonesia just alone, what time your meet with your client?

Ridwan : 11 A.M, really? Waw.. Excuse me sir, are you a business people?

David : Yes, I’m a bussiness of Airfrance. How about you?

Ridwan : I’m a Human Resource Development at MNC Life Insurance, ome pf the leader in the market of investments and financial services in Indonesia. The complete series of life MNC market life insurance products through a system of multiple distribution channels. How the job security in your company sir?

David : Job security in my company already was satisfactory since all employees get health insurance. And you? Tell me how the job security in your company and then how much salaries you can there?

Ridwan : Of course, my company priorities the protection of the health of its employees. They transfer the money via bank. the salaries is include the transportation and money table for a month. How about your salaries?

David : i same with you, but all purposes, employees of a vehicle a dwelling place has been provided

Ridwan : its cool David, is there a promotion at the company?

David : Of course, but only once in a period of 5 years, and you?

Ridwan : quite a long time yeah, I also the same with you. Only once in a period of three years. How about stake holders's decision being made?

David : its firmly told, that for the violator will got cut the salaries of by 70%

Ridwan : Same with me, is there the benefits ?

David : certainly ridwan. You’ll got paid much bigger than on your place, cause they’ll pay you with Euro. How about you?

Ridwan : awesome, we got a visit to the regions that the level of his health less. May I visit to your office david?

David : surely, when?

Ridwan : Nextmonth I was in paris, can I come to your office?

David : Ok, Nextmonth We met at the Hotel Marceau champs elysees. What time is it?

Ridwan : 10.30 A.m sir, Why ?

David : Nothing, ridwan, how old are you?

Ridwan : I’m 20th years old, how about you?

David : I’m 23 years old. Are you merried?

Ridwan : No, I’m single. You?

David : I’m merried, and now I have two childs.

Ridwan : Happy Family, where is your friend?

David : in there, and you? Where is your client?

Ridwan : on the way, could you lunch with me?

David : no thanks, Ridwan, I’m so sorry I must go back to the Airport.

Ridwan : okay no problem, thanks for your time david. Nice to meet you

David : your welcome, nice to meet you too. Bye!

Ridwan : Bye, takecare!

David : Thanks

Ridwan : see you next month sir

David : okay.

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Proses sosial



PROSES SOSIAL

A.   Pengertian Proses Sosial

Proses sosial adalah pengaruh timbal balik antara berbagai bidang dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat atau kehidupan bersama. Kehidupan bersama maksudnya yaitu, dapat di lihat dari berbagai segi dalam kehidupan, antara lain: dari segi kehidupan ekonomi, segi kehidupan politik, segi kehidupan hukum, dan dari segi lainnya.
Bentuk umum dari proses sosial adalah interaksi sosial (yang juga dapat dinamakan proses sosial), oleh karena interaksi sosial merupakan syarat utama terjadi aktivitas- aktivitas social dan tanpa interaksi sosial tidak akan mungkin ada kehidupan bersama.
Proses sosial merupakan aspek dinamis dari kehidupan masyarakat. Di mana di dalamnya terdapat suatu proses hubungan antara manusia satu dengan yang lainnya. Proses hubungan tersebut berupa antar aksi sosial yang terjadi dalam kehidupan sehari- hari secara terus- menerus. Antar aksi (interaksi) sosial, dimaksudkan sebagai pengaruh timbal balik antara dua belah pihak, yaitu antara individu satu dengan individu atau kelompok lainnya dalam rangka mencapai tujuan tertentu.

B.   Pengertian Interaksi Sosial
Interaksi sosial adalah hubungan timbal balik antara individu dengan individu lainnya, antara individu dengan kelompok atau antara kelompok dan individu. Hubungan interaksi tersebut diatur oleh nilai-nilai dan norma-norma hidup bermasyarakat. Tanpa interaksi tak mungkin ada kehidupan sosial dan dengan interaksi itulah manusia dapat melangsungakan hidup dan kehidupannya sesuai dengan martabat manusia.
Interaksi sosial terjadi apabila adanya kontak dan komunikasi dalam bentuk aktivitas sosial. Ciri-ciri dari interaksi sosial tersebut yaitu: pelakunya lebih dari satu orang, adanya kontak dan komunikasi, adanya dimensi waktu dan adanya tujuan.

Bentuk-bentuk interaksi sosial
1.                  Asosiatif
Bersifat positif dalam arti mendukung seseorang atau kelompok untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu atau proses yang mengarah pada terwujudnya persatuan dan integrasi sosial.
a.      Kerja Sama
Kerja sama adalah suatu usaha bersama antara individu atau kelompok untuk mencapai satu tujuan atau beberapa tujuan bersama. Kerja sama merupakan bentuk interaksi sosial yang utama. Tanpa adanya kerjasama mustahil manusia dapat memenuhi kebutuhannya sendiri.
Bentuk-bentuk kerja sama
a.    Kerja sama spontan adalah bentuk kerja sama atas dasar serta merta atau terjadi secara ketidaksengajaan. Misalnya, pendukung suatu klub sepak bola yang tidak bisa menerima kekalahan dari grup lain, kemudian secara spontan melemparkan botol botol minuman ketengah lapangan untuk mengacaukan permainan.
b.   Kerja sama langsung adalah bentuk kerja sama yang merupakan hasil dari perintah atasan kepada bawahan. Misalnya, Presiden menegaskan kepada KPK untuk segera mengatasi kasus-kasus kopursi yang mulai merajalela.
c.    Kerja sama kontrak adalah kerja sama atas dasar syarat-syarat atau ketetapan tertentu yang disepakati bersama.Misalnya, salah satu channel tv sepakat kontrak kerja bersama dengan salah satu channel di luar negeri.
d.   Kerja sama tradisional adalah bentuk kerja sama sebagai bagian dari unsur sosial. Misalnya kegiatan pemugaran dan pembangunan rumah dikawasan permukiman.
b.      Akomodasi
Akomodasi adalah bentuk penyelesaian tanpa mengorbankan salah satu pihak atau usaha manusia untuk meredakan suatu pertentangan. Adakalanya pertentangan yang terjadi sulit diatasi sehingga membutuhkan pihak ketiga sebagai perantara.
Bentuk-bentuk Akomodasi
a.       Koersi/Paksaan adalah bentuk akomodasi yang terjadi melalui pemaksaan kehendak pihak tertentu terhadap pihak lain yang lebih lemah. Berarti, terjadi penguasaan (dominasi) suatu kelompok atas kelompok yang lemah. Contohnya, dalam sistem perbudakan atau penjajahan.
b.      Kompromi adalah bentuk akomodasi ketika pihak-pihak yang terlibat perselisihan saling mengurangi tuntutan agat tercapai suatu penyelesaian. Sikap dasar untuk melaksanakan kompromi adalah semua pihak bersedia untuk merasakan dan memahami keadaan pihak lainnya. Contoh: Perjanjian antara Indonesia dengan Malaysia tentang batas wilayah perairan.
c.       Arbitrasi adalah cara untuk mencapai kompromi bila pihak-pihak yang bertentangan tidak dapat menyelesaikannya sendiri dan diselesaikan oleh pihak ketiga. Contoh : penyelesaian perselisihan perburuhan.
d.      Mediasi adalah bentuk akomodasi yang hampir sama dengan arbitrasi. Namun, pihak ketiga yang bertindak sebagai penengah bersikap netral dan tidak mempunyai wewenang untuk memberi keputusan-keputusan penyelesaian perselisihan antara kedua belah pihak. Contoh : Mediasi pemerintah RI untuk mendamaikan faksi-faksi yang berselisih di kamboja.
e.       Konsiliasi adalah bentuk akomodasi untuk mempertemukan keinginan-keinginan dari pihak-pihak yang bertikai untuk tercapainya kesepakatan bersama. Contoh: panitia tetap penyelesaian masalah ketenagakerjaan mengundang perusahaan dan perwakilan karyawan untuk menyelesaikan pemogokan.
f.       Toleransi adalah bentuk akomodasi yang terjadi tanpa persetujuan yang resmi. terkadang toleransi terjadi secara tidak sadar dan tanpa direncanakan karena adanya keinginan-keinginan untuk sedapat mungkin menghindarkan diri dari perselisihan yang saling merugikan kedua belah pihak. Contohnya, umat yang tidak berpuasa pada bulan Ramadhan, tidak makan di sembarang tempat.
g.      Stalemate adalah bentuk akomodasi ketika kelompok yang bertikai mempunyai kekuatan yang seimbang. Lalu, keduanya sadar bahwa tidak mungkin lagi untuk maju atau mundur sehingga pertentangan atau ketegangan antara keduanya akan berhenti dengan sendirinya. Contohnya, persaingan antara Blok Barat dan Blok Timur Eropa berhenti dengan sendirinya tanpa ada pihak yang kalah ataupun menang.
h.      Ajudikasi yaitu penyelesaian masalah atau sengketa melalui pengadilan atau jalur hukum. Contohnya, persengketaan tanah warisan yang diselesaikan di pengadilan.
c.       Asimilasi
Proses sosial yang timbul bila ada kelompok masyarakat dengan latar belakang kebudayaan yang berbeda, saling bergaul secara intensif dalam jangka waktu lama, sehingga lambat laun kebudayaan asli mereka akan berubah sifat dan wujudnya untuk membentuk kebudayaan baru sebagai kebudayaan campuran. Contoh orang Jawa menikah dengan orang Papua.

d.      Akulturasi
Proses social yang timbul, apabila suatu kelompok masyarakat manusia dengan suatu kebudayaan tertentu dihadapkan dengan unsur-unsur dari suatu kebudayaan asing sedemikian rupa sehingga lambat laun unsur-unsur kebudayaan asing itu diterima dan diolah kedalam kebudayaan sendiri, tanpa menyebabkan hilangnya kepribadian dari kebudayaan itu sendiri. Contoh kebudayaan Hindu di Indonesia bertemu dengan kebudayaan Islam menghasilkan kebudayaan Islam yang bercorak Hindu.

2.      Proses Disosiatif
Proses disosiatif disebut juga proses oposisi yaitu proses yang bertentangan dengan seseorang ataupun kelompok untuk mencapai suatu tujuan tertentu.
a.       Persaingan
suatu perjuangan yang dilakukan perorangan atau kelompok social tertentu, agar memperoleh kemenangan atau hasil secara kompetitif, tanpa menimbulkan ancaman atau benturan fisik di pihak lawannya.
Terdapat 4 bentuk persaingan :
1.      Persaingan ekonomi: misalnya persaingan memeproleh pekerjaan.
2.      Persaingan kebudayaan: misalnya persaingan antara tontonan tradisional seperti wayang dan film-film bioskop.
3.      Persaingan kedudukan dan peranan: misalnya persaingan para calon gubernur dan wakilnya dalam pilkada.
4.      Persaingan ras: misalnya persaingan antara oaring kulit putih dan orang kulit hitam di Afrika Selatan.

b.      Kontravensi
Bentuk proses social yang berada di antara persaingan dan pertentangan atau konflik. Wujud kontravensi antara lain sikap tidak senang, baik secara tersembunyi maupun secara terang-terangan yang ditunjukkan terhadap perorangan atau kelompok atau terhadap unsur-unsur kebudayaan golongan tertentu. Sikap tersebut dapat berubah menjadi kebencian akan tetapi tidak sampai menjadi pertentangan atau konflik.

Terdapat 5 bentuk kontravensi, antara lain :
1.      Kontravensi umum: seperti penolakan, perlawanan, protes.
2.      Kontravensi sederhana: seperti menyangkal pernyataan orang didepan umum.
3.      Konravensi intensif: seperti penghasutan, penyebaran desas-desus.
4.      Kontravensi rahasia: seperti Pembocoran rahasia, khianat.
5.      Kontravensi taktis: seperti provokasi, intimidasi.

c.   Pertentangan/ Konflik
Yaitu suatu proses social antar perorangan atau kelompok masyarakat tertentu, akibat adanya perbedaan paham dan kepentingan yang sangat mendasar, sehingga menimbulkan adanya semacam gap atau jurang pemisah yang mengganjal interaksi social diantara mereka yang bertikai tersebut.

Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan konflik dalam masyarakat adalah sbb:
1.      Perbedaan pendirian dan perasaan individu.
2.      Perbedaan latar belakang kebudayaan.
3.      Perbedaan kepentingan antara individu dan kelompok.
4.      Perubahan nilai yang cepat dan mendadak dalam masyarakat.















KESIMPULAN
Pada dasarnya interaksi sosial muncul karena adanya timbal balik antara pihak-pihak yang bersangkutan tanpa menghiraukan maksud perbuatannya. Dalam interaksi sosial terdapat hubungan antar individu yang menghasilkan reaksi timbal balik. Dengan begitu, hubungan-hubungan yang ada dalam kehidupan manusia merupakan suatu proses sosial. karena hubungan antar individu merupakan syarat utama terjadinya aktivitas sosial. Aktivitas-aktivitas sosial itulah yang menjadi dasar terbentuknya proses sosial.

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